4G & 5G

Time line to 5G

Research work on 5G started about “ve years ago with significant research projects in Europe, China, Korea, and Japan. At the same time, ITU-R started working on setting the fundamental requirements for 5G, followed more recently by the NGMN, an operator pre-standards organization, with the release of its 5G White Paper at Mobile World Congress […]

4G & 5G WHAT-IS

What is 5G?

What is 5G and what is driving it? Simply stated, 5G is the “fth generation mobile networks or the next major cellular evolution after 4G. About every ten years, the next generation of mobile networks appears, with each generation improving upon the last. As with each new generation, 5G is expected to be more spectrally […]

4G & 5G

Why not using 4G,

Why is 4G not enough? LTE, designed primarily to serve smart phones and improve users’ wireless internet experience, has been a great success. First deployed 6 years ago, 4G LTE has become the fastest-growing mobile technology in history. Today it globally supports approximately 500 million subscribers. Since its launch, LTE has evolved to support higher […]

100G & 400G

The Challenges of Data Transmission toward Tbps Line rate in DWDM System for Long haul Transmission

1. Introduction Since the late 1990, the transport capacities of ultra-long haul and long haul optical fiber communication systems has been significantly increased by the introduction of EDFA (Erbium Dropped Fiber Amplifier), DWDM, DCM (Dispersion Compensation Module), and FEC (Forward Error Correction) technologies. By utilizing these technologies, the universal on/off-keying (OOK) modulation along with direct […]

Cable Management FTTH Network Optical Cable

Fiber Optic Cable Termination Type

Fiber Optic Termination Method There are plenty of fiber connector termination method, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, Generally, in most case, both SM and MM cable are pulled without termination, operators strip the fiber cable by special toolkit and splice the fiber cable with pigtails, and protect the splice by heat shrinkable sleeves, […]

Cable Management Optical Cable

Fibre Installation Guidelines

Nowadays, fiber cable are installed world wide, even through there is many protection for optical cable, however, it is still easily damaged because the hair like bare fiber is easy to break. to avoid fiber break, and ensure the fibre cable are correctly installed with good optical performance. please read the following guide lines carefully […]

FTTH Network

GPON vs. EPON Costs Comparison

GPON and EPON Technology Comparison The key factor for determine FTTH network cost is understand the performance characteristics of the PON tecnology. because The PON upstream/downstream bandwidth, bandwidth efficiency and the splitting ratio will affect it. the following table have a brief comparison about the GPON and EPON technology. detailed comparison please read our blog: […]

100G & 400G HOW-TO

How to clean SFP (SFFP), XFP, CFP, MSA Transceivers

Most SFP (small form-factor pluggable) module transmitters have an LC (Simplex or duplex) or SC connector with a stub. It is relatively easy to clean following the standard connector if you follow the following cleaning steps: However, the SFP receiver can have an air gap chamber or an internal lens, which makes cleaning and inspecting […]

Tools and Tool kits

Connector Cleaning Method

Cleaning Procedure Figure 9 below, illustrates the step-by-step inspection/cleaning procedure that should be rigorously followed before a fiber is connected to another optical component—using this simple procedure can avoid costly network downtime A reliable network begins with connector care and cleaning. Through the years, many devices and procedures have been used. In the past, the way […]