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What is PAM4? PAM4 is short of pulse amplitude modulation 4. It is a modulation technology that uses four different signal levels for signal transmission. it with an additional two levels compared with the NRZ (non-return to zero) modulation. This means that, under the same baud rate, the bit rate of PAM4 signals is twice […]
In 2015, the SWDM Alliance was formed by a group of transceiver, fiber and system vendors to develop a multi-source agreement (MSA) for SWDM transceivers. As OM5 permits the use of a much wider wavelength range, it is now desirable to reduce fiber count by transmitting multiple VCSEL wavelengths in the same multimode fiber. The […]
ADSS cables. All-Dielectric Self Supporting cables. The All-Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS) cable is a completely non-metallic structure in which the tensile load bearing elements are integral within the circular design of the cable – usually in the form of aramid yarns or stranded glass reinfroced plastic rods. The structure of ADSS Cable Typically a loose […]
ITU-T Recommend G.654 fiber is a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fiber especially used for high bandwidth long distance transmission. The G. 654 fiber is a single mode optical fiber and cable which has the zero-dispersion wavelengths around 1300nm, the fiber with loss minimized and cut-off wavelength shifted at around 1550nm. the fiber standard was firstly […]
The Telecom Infra Project (TIP) is an engineering-focused initiative driven by operators, infrastructure providers, system integrators, and other technology companies that aim to reimagine the traditional approach to building and deploying telecom network infrastructure. Current Projects TIP now shared the fist set of technical projects and the chairs. The projects covering three aspects: Access, Back haul […]
FTTdp is short for Fiber To The Distribution Point, It is kind of FTTx, and very similar to FTTC (Fiber to the Curb) or FTTN (Fiber to the Node), but is one-step close again moving the end of the fiber to within meters of the boundary of the customers premises in last junction possible junction […]
An introduction to GR’s history and objective of implementation of the standard. Also touch on evolution of the standards (recently added requirements for anti-fungus) Telcordia GR1209 & GR-1221 standards outline the generic criteria for passive optical components to ensure continuous operation of the components over its lifetime. The standards specify performance tests to reflect a […]
The PON architecture comprises an optical line terminal (OLT), based in the central office, and the optical networking terminal (ONT) – sometimes referred to as an optical network unit (ONU) – based on the customer premise. To connect the OLT and the ONT with data, a fibre-optic cable is used to carry a wavelength downstream. […]
An active optical network (AON) comprises an active Ethernet switch that acts as the intermediate point between the central office and the end-user. Theoretically, this switch is capable of delivering symmetrical speeds of 100Mbps to 32 users simultaneously. This level of throughput could only be achieved, however, if the link between the remote Ethernet switch […]
What is 5G and what is driving it? Simply stated, 5G is the “fth generation mobile networks or the next major cellular evolution after 4G. About every ten years, the next generation of mobile networks appears, with each generation improving upon the last. As with each new generation, 5G is expected to be more spectrally […]